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My Lords, if no one is safe until everyone is safe, why cannot the 100-plus vaccine producers referred to by my noble friend Lady Chakrabarti worldwide—in Africa, Asia and Latin America—be licensed under a TRIPS waiver to produce the vaccine in dedicated production areas, within approved plants and facilities, totally under the quality control of personnel seconded from advanced nation producers? By that means, we can avoid potential IP waiver problems, preserve quality, and even make profits, if they really are so necessary.
My Lords, if no one is safe until everyone is safe, why cannot the 100-plus vaccine producers referred to by my noble friend Lady Chakrabarti worldwide—in Africa, Asia and Latin America—be licensed under a TRIPS waiver to produce the vaccine in dedicated production areas, within approved plants and facilities, totally under the quality control of personnel seconded from advanced nation producers? By that means, we can avoid potential IP waiver problems, preserve quality, and even make profits, if they really are so necessary.
My Lords, we have seen no evidence that intellectual property is a barrier to the production or supply of Covid-19 goods, including vaccines. We will continue to engage constructively in debates of the World Trade Organization on these matters, including the points that the noble Lord makes.
To ask Her Majesty’s Government what discussions they have had in the last month with vaccine manufacturers on vaccine distribution.
To ask Her Majesty’s Government what discussions they have had in the last month with vaccine manufacturers on vaccine distribution.
My Lords, the Vaccine Taskforce is in constant communication with vaccine manufacturers to carefully manage UK vaccine supply. Due to commercial sensitivities, we are unable to comment on the details of these discussions. The UK manages our vaccine supply so that all procured doses are either used in the domestic programme or shared internationally. We continue to ensure that any vaccine that the UK does not need is, wherever possible, reallocated to other countries that require it.
My Lords, how do we justify a vaccination programme that leaves the third world innocently unable to stop disease spread to the unvaccinated in the developed world? If the answer is vaccine supply shortage on the one hand and refusenik human rights on the other, then why not respond by challenging patents, increasing vaccine manufacture and now, while resisting mandatory vaccination, selectively isolating refuseniks where they risk spreading the disease? Or is it that refusenik rights outweigh those of the vulnerable millions who are now forced to work from home, as I am having to do, as the disease spreads?
My Lords, how do we justify a vaccination programme that leaves the third world innocently unable to stop disease spread to the unvaccinated in the developed world? If the answer is vaccine supply shortage on the one hand and refusenik human rights on the other, then why not respond by challenging patents, increasing vaccine manufacture and now, while resisting mandatory vaccination, selectively isolating refuseniks where they risk spreading the disease? Or is it that refusenik rights outweigh those of the vulnerable millions who are now forced to work from home, as I am having to do, as the disease spreads?
My Lords, it is important to recognise that, as has been said repeatedly, there is a global response to this; that is why the UK led on supporting the COVAX Facility. The noble Lord refers to the developing part of the world, and he will be aware, for example, of the additional donations promised by the Prime Minister. Some 20% are going bilaterally, and this includes countries such as Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Jamaica and Mozambique. We are also working on technical support, which has ensured the manufacture of vaccines within, for example, South Africa.
My Lords, despite the work of COVAX, is not the absence of an effective international vaccine manufacturing and distribution system that meets world demand perfectly illustrated by Nepal’s reported difficulties, particularly when the Serum Institute of India, the world’s largest manufacturer, is situated in Pune, in the state of Maharashtra in India, next door to Nepal? With an 8 billion world population at risk and potentially only a 4 billion worldwide double -dosage manufacturing capacity, as yet unrealised, how can world demand be met?
My Lords, despite the work of COVAX, is not the absence of an effective international vaccine manufacturing and distribution system that meets world demand perfectly illustrated by Nepal’s reported difficulties, particularly when the Serum Institute of India, the world’s largest manufacturer, is situated in Pune, in the state of Maharashtra in India, next door to Nepal? With an 8 billion world population at risk and potentially only a 4 billion worldwide double -dosage manufacturing capacity, as yet unrealised, how can world demand be met?
The challenges—the noble Lord mentioned the Serum Institute of India, which I know well as the Minister for India, and the challenges in India in terms of the current wave sweeping across the country—are well known. We have seen a stepping up in terms of manufacturing and collaboration, and the United Kingdom’s structured approach to the COVAX facility demonstrates the importance, as the noble Lord himself acknowledges, of a global supply chain which guarantees the distribution of Covid-19 vaccines across the world.
To ask Her Majesty's Government how many, and what percentage of the total of, (1) care home residents, (2) care home staff, (3) frontline health workers, and (4) patients over 80, have been vaccinated against COVID-19 in (a) England, (b) Scotland, (c) Wales, and (d) Northern Ireland.
To ask Her Majesty's Government how many, and what percentage of the total of, (1) care home residents, (2) care home staff, (3) frontline health workers, and (4) patients over 80, have been vaccinated against COVID-19 in (a) England, (b) Scotland, (c) Wales, and (d) Northern Ireland.
NHS England releases weekly vaccination data which shows that as of 15 April:
- 94.2% eligible residents in older adult care homes in England have received at least their first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine;
- 79.4% eligible staff in older adult resident care homes have received at least their first dose; and
- 95.2% of patients over 80 years old have received at least their first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine.
The percentage of National Health Service trust health care workers who have received at least their first dose is not currently available, as NHS England’s data does not currently include all frontline health workers as a sub-group.
COVID-19 vaccination data for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland is not collected centrally in the format requested as this is a devolved matter.
To ask Her Majesty's Government how many people in total were vaccinated against COVID-19 in the UK using (1) the Oxford/AstraZeneca, and (2) the Pfizer/BioNTech, vaccine in each week since the beginning of 1 December 2020.
To ask Her Majesty's Government how many people in total were vaccinated against COVID-19 in the UK using (1) the Oxford/AstraZeneca, and (2) the Pfizer/BioNTech, vaccine in each week since the beginning of 1 December 2020.
The information is not collected in the format requested.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what assurances AstraZeneca gave about its commitment to manufacture the Oxford vaccine prior to either (1) a successful testing programme, or (2) approval by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what assurances AstraZeneca gave about its commitment to manufacture the Oxford vaccine prior to either (1) a successful testing programme, or (2) approval by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.
Assurances agreed between the Government and Oxford/AstraZeneca are bound by commercially confidential contracts.
To ask Her Majesty's Government whether the requirements of the contract they awarded to Wockhardt Ltd, to help in the production of COVID-19 vaccines, are currently being fulfilled.
To ask Her Majesty's Government whether the requirements of the contract they awarded to Wockhardt Ltd, to help in the production of COVID-19 vaccines, are currently being fulfilled.
The Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is currently being filled and finished at the Wockhardt site.
The Government has recently extended Wockhardt’s contract from 18 to 24 months to ensure that we have uninterrupted capability into 2022. Specific details of contract fulfillment are commercially sensitive.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what estimate they have made of the duration of protection from COVID-19 provided by (1) the Oxford/AstraZeneca, and (2) the Pfizer/BioNTech, vaccine; and what estimate they have made of the length of time a person who receives (a) only a first dose, and (b) two...
To ask Her Majesty's Government what estimate they have made of the duration of protection from COVID-19 provided by (1) the Oxford/AstraZeneca, and (2) the Pfizer/BioNTech, vaccine; and what estimate they have made of the length of time a person who receives (a) only a first dose, and (b) two...
The total length of protection from vaccines against COVID-19 is not yet fully understood. Vaccine developers and manufacturers continue to collect data on the performance of their vaccines. Through their surveillance strategy Public Health England (PHE) continues to assess the effectiveness of vaccines, including duration of protection. A copy of PHE’s COVID-19 vaccine surveillance Strategy is attached.
On 26 January the Joint Committee on Vaccine and Immunisation (JCVI) published an online report, Optimising the COVID-19 vaccination programme for maximum short-term impact. The report found that short-term vaccine efficacy from the first dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine is calculated at around 90% and from the first dose of the Oxford/ AstraZeneca vaccine is calculated at around 70%, with high protection against severe disease.
Given the high level of protection afforded by the first dose, models suggest that initially vaccinating a greater number of people with a single dose will prevent more deaths and hospitalisations than vaccinating a smaller number of people with two doses. The second dose is important to provide longer lasting protection and is expected to be as or more effective when delivered at an interval of 12 weeks from the first dose. The JCVI has based their advice on the assumption that protection from a first dose of either vaccination will wane in the medium term and that a second dose will offer more long term protection.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what is the optimum gap between the first and second dose of (1) the Oxford/AstraZeneca, and (2) the Pfizer/BioNTech, COVID-19 vaccine for securing the longest period of protection against COVID-19.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what is the optimum gap between the first and second dose of (1) the Oxford/AstraZeneca, and (2) the Pfizer/BioNTech, COVID-19 vaccine for securing the longest period of protection against COVID-19.
The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency’s (MHRA’s) Information for Healthcare Professionals regarding the Pfizer vaccine states that a second dose of it should be given at least 21 days after the first dose. For the AstraZeneca vaccine, the Information for Healthcare Professionals states that the second dose should be given between four and 12 weeks after the first dose. This advice is based on clinical trial data and other information submitted to MHRA by the manufacturer.
Based on trial data showing the effectiveness of both vaccines, the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) advised that both vaccines should be given up to 12 weeks apart. The JCVI also advised that priority should be given to having a greater number of people given a first dose, which would have a greater public health impact than prioritising second doses.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what assessment they have made of (1) the quantity of glass vials that will be needed to distribute COVID-19 vaccines, (2) the capacity to manufacture these vials, and (3) any procurement or delivery issues that may arise.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what assessment they have made of (1) the quantity of glass vials that will be needed to distribute COVID-19 vaccines, (2) the capacity to manufacture these vials, and (3) any procurement or delivery issues that may arise.
The procurement of vials is the responsibility of the manufacturer and the United Kingdom Government has actively engaged with each manufacturer regarding manufacturing capacity, procurement and delivery to ensure enough stock is available, providing additional support where required. The UK has a sufficient number of glass vials available, due to orders already placed with manufacturers.
To ask Her Majesty's Government, further to the Written Answer by Lord Callanan on 21 January (HL11869), with which companies they have entered into any contracts relating to the production of COVID-19 vaccines; and what plans they have to make the terms of those contracts available to the public.
To ask Her Majesty's Government, further to the Written Answer by Lord Callanan on 21 January (HL11869), with which companies they have entered into any contracts relating to the production of COVID-19 vaccines; and what plans they have to make the terms of those contracts available to the public.
The UK Government has secured early access to 457 million vaccines doses through agreements with eight separate vaccine developers. This includes agreements with BioNTech/Pfizer, University of Oxford/AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline/Sanofi Pasteur, Novavax, Janssen, Valneva, Moderna and CureVac.
In addition to the above, we have also funded fill and finish capability through a contract with Wockhardt in Wrexham, North Wales, as well as the expansion of the Valneva factory in Livingston, Scotland.
To ask Her Majesty's Government whether they plan to publish the details of their contracts with (1) Pfizer/BioNTech for the supply of 30 million MRNA COVID-19 vaccines, (2) Janssen for the supply of 30 million doses of the AD26COV25 vaccine, (3) GSK Sanofi Pasteur for 60 million doses of the proton...
To ask Her Majesty's Government whether they plan to publish the details of their contracts with (1) Pfizer/BioNTech for the supply of 30 million MRNA COVID-19 vaccines, (2) Janssen for the supply of 30 million doses of the AD26COV25 vaccine, (3) GSK Sanofi Pasteur for 60 million doses of the proton...
Contracts between the Government and companies developing and producing COVID-19 vaccines will be published in due course.
To ask Her Majesty's Government whether they plan to publish the details of the contract they have with AstraZeneca for the supply of 30 million COVID-19 vaccine doses and vials; if so, (a) when, and (b) how; and if not, why not.
To ask Her Majesty's Government whether they plan to publish the details of the contract they have with AstraZeneca for the supply of 30 million COVID-19 vaccine doses and vials; if so, (a) when, and (b) how; and if not, why not.
Contracts between the Government and companies developing and producing COVID-19 vaccines will be published in due course.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what was the total number of (1) Oxford/AstraZeneca, and (2) Pfizer/BioNTech, COVID-19 vaccine vials allocated to the UK held in stock in each month in (a) 2019, and (b) 2020.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what was the total number of (1) Oxford/AstraZeneca, and (2) Pfizer/BioNTech, COVID-19 vaccine vials allocated to the UK held in stock in each month in (a) 2019, and (b) 2020.
We have been monitoring the requirements across the supply chain from supplier through to patient for some time. There are clear supply chain plans in place for both the supply and onward deployment of all vaccine candidates. This includes materials, manufacturing, transportation, storage and distribution.
Vaccines and vials are a precious resource in very high demand across the world and therefore for security reasons it is not possible to provide detail about the size of our supplies and exact detail about future deliveries. It should be noted that the UK has a sufficient number of glass vials available, due to orders already placed.
To ask Her Majesty's Government how effective (1) an adenovirus vector, and (2) an mRNA, COVID-19 vaccine is if a person only receives one of the two doses required under the vaccination protocols.
To ask Her Majesty's Government how effective (1) an adenovirus vector, and (2) an mRNA, COVID-19 vaccine is if a person only receives one of the two doses required under the vaccination protocols.
The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) has recommended that as many people on the JCVI’s priority list as possible should be offered a first vaccine dose as the initial priority. One dose of the vaccine offers important protection and allows us to reach as many at risk people as possible in order to offer protection until the second dose can be administered. All individuals will subsequently receive a second dose in due course.
It can be assumed that protection from the first dose will require boosting in order to provide more durable protection. The JCVI supports a two-dose vaccine schedule for the Pfizer-BioNTech and AstraZeneca vaccines.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what (1) estimate they made, and (2) audit they undertook, of the potential (a) demand, and (b) availability, of sub-60 degree freezer capacity in the UK prior to the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine rollout in 2020.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what (1) estimate they made, and (2) audit they undertook, of the potential (a) demand, and (b) availability, of sub-60 degree freezer capacity in the UK prior to the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine rollout in 2020.
Public Health England (PHE) is responsible for the central storage and distribution of ultra-low temperature COVID-19 vaccines. In its preparations to receive vaccines, PHE determined the freezer capacity requirement to support the United Kingdom programme during summer 2020 and secured the freezers against that requirement. These were commissioned and in service before arrival of the vaccine. They provide sufficient storage for approximately five million doses of COVID-19 vaccines which require minus 60 degree Celsius storage or below.
To ask Her Majesty's Government how many freezer units capable of sub-60 degree storage of COVID-19 vaccines are available for use by the NHS in (1) England, (2) Northern Ireland, (3) Scotland, and (4) Wales; and where such units are located.
To ask Her Majesty's Government how many freezer units capable of sub-60 degree storage of COVID-19 vaccines are available for use by the NHS in (1) England, (2) Northern Ireland, (3) Scotland, and (4) Wales; and where such units are located.
Public Health England has 58 ultra-low temperature freezers which provide sufficient storage for approximately five million doses of COVID-19 vaccines which require minus 60-degree Celsius storage or lower.
The ultra-low temperature freezers are located in two national storage facilities within Great Britain and Northern Ireland, to manage the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines across the four nations. The location of the facilities are not disclosed to maintain the integrity of the sites.
At a regional level the National Health Service has made preparations including sourcing of ultra-low temperature storage to support local delivery.
To ask Her Majesty's Government how many pharmacies (1) are currently available, or (2) can be made available, to distribute COVID-19 vaccines in (a) England, (b) Scotland, (c) Wales, and (d) Northern Ireland.
To ask Her Majesty's Government how many pharmacies (1) are currently available, or (2) can be made available, to distribute COVID-19 vaccines in (a) England, (b) Scotland, (c) Wales, and (d) Northern Ireland.
From 14 January, six community pharmacies in England started to offer the COVID-19 vaccination service, with an additional 65 pharmacy-led sites joining from the week commencing 21 January. More pharmacies will be stood up over the coming weeks and months.
The Department, NHS England and NHS Improvement and community pharmacy representative bodies will be working together to establish how community pharmacies’ role could be expanded further in the vaccination programme.
As health is a devolved matter, the commissioning of community pharmacies to provide COVD-19 vaccination in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are decisions for the respective devolved administrations.
To ask Her Majesty's Government what administrative arrangements are in place to ensure that people comply with the requirement to receive a second dose of a COVID-19 vaccine; and what information is being retained as to the identity of those who do not receive a second dose of a vaccine having...
To ask Her Majesty's Government what administrative arrangements are in place to ensure that people comply with the requirement to receive a second dose of a COVID-19 vaccine; and what information is being retained as to the identity of those who do not receive a second dose of a vaccine having...
The United Kingdom operates a system of informed consent for vaccinations. When advice from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation informed changes to the timings of the secondary dose, general practitioners (GPs) were asked to rebook the appointments. Vaccination centres book in appointments with individuals for both the first and second dose at the same time. Additionally, vaccinations are noted in GP health records and the National Immunisation Management System, which can be accessed by the national booking service to follow up on any missed second doses.
Previous incomplete vaccinations, where the course has been interrupted or delayed, should be resumed using the same vaccination. However, the first dose should not be repeated.