The internet has transformed the nature of scientific research, opening up new ways to collect, use and disseminate scientific information. This has led to increased demand for access to such information. Open Access (OA) to scientific journal publications means making them freely available online, rather than charging readers to view them. OA to research data means making research data more widely available for re-use by others to support research, innovation and wider public use.

The internet has transformed the nature of scientific research, opening up new ways to collect, use and disseminate scientific information. This has led to increased demand for access to such information. Open Access (OA) to scientific journal publications means making them freely available online, rather than charging readers to view...

Solar power has the potential to provide low carbon electricity and to generate employment. This POSTnote discusses the development of solar power in the UK and summarises debate over feed-in tariffs - financial support policies introduced in 2010 to stimulate take-up.

Solar power has the potential to provide low carbon electricity and to generate employment. This POSTnote discusses the development of solar power in the UK and summarises debate over feed-in tariffs - financial support policies introduced in 2010 to stimulate take-up.

This POSTnote explores ways in which energy security may be measured for monitoring purposes.

This POSTnote explores ways in which energy security may be measured for monitoring purposes.

Natural flood management, defined here as the alteration, restoration or use of landscape features, is being promoted as a novel way of reducing flood risk. This POSTnote reviews the policy drivers of this approach, as well as the scientific basis, and implementation, of inland natural flood management strategies.

Natural flood management, defined here as the alteration, restoration or use of landscape features, is being promoted as a novel way of reducing flood risk. This POSTnote reviews the policy drivers of this approach, as well as the scientific basis, and implementation, of inland natural flood management strategies.

This briefing provides a background to explosive injury, explores developments in mitigation science, and highlights research priorities.

This briefing provides a background to explosive injury, explores developments in mitigation science, and highlights research priorities.

Tree diseases and pests from outside or already spreading within, Europe, have the potential to damage or kill large number of trees in the UK's country and urban landscapes.

Tree diseases and pests from outside or already spreading within, Europe, have the potential to damage or kill large number of trees in the UK's country and urban landscapes.

This note describes current technologies used in livestock breeding, research into future technologies and how the improvement of livestock can contribute towards future food security.

This note describes current technologies used in livestock breeding, research into future technologies and how the improvement of livestock can contribute towards future food security.

This POSTnote examines disease threats to UK livestock, outlines prevention and control measures, and looks at factors likely to contribute to future disease.

This POSTnote examines disease threats to UK livestock, outlines prevention and control measures, and looks at factors likely to contribute to future disease.

This POSTnote examines the main challenges to the participation and productivity of older people in the workforce.

This POSTnote examines the main challenges to the participation and productivity of older people in the workforce.

This POSTnote summarises some of the most important reasons behind the decline in clinical trials in the UK, and the actions being taken to improve the situation.

This POSTnote summarises some of the most important reasons behind the decline in clinical trials in the UK, and the actions being taken to improve the situation.

Cyber security refers to defences against electronic attacks launched via computer systems. This POSTnote looks at approaches to cyber security in the context of large-scale attacks, with a focus on national infrastructure.

Cyber security refers to defences against electronic attacks launched via computer systems. This POSTnote looks at approaches to cyber security in the context of large-scale attacks, with a focus on national infrastructure.

This POSTnote describes the marine planning process and considers the challenges it will face.

This POSTnote describes the marine planning process and considers the challenges it will face.

This POSTnote examines the potential for anaerobic digestion in the UK and the main challenges connected with its development.

This POSTnote examines the potential for anaerobic digestion in the UK and the main challenges connected with its development.

This POSTnote examines the potential contribution that genetic modification of crops might bring to increasing food production in Europe, in a global context.

This POSTnote examines the potential contribution that genetic modification of crops might bring to increasing food production in Europe, in a global context.

This POSTnote examines how virtual water use is calculated and its application within the global economy.

This POSTnote examines how virtual water use is calculated and its application within the global economy.

This POSTnote examines the technical, economic and environmental issues around algal biofuels and their relevance to UK and EU policy targets.

This POSTnote examines the technical, economic and environmental issues around algal biofuels and their relevance to UK and EU policy targets.

This POSTnote examines how policy structures, including planning reforms, might deliver land use systems that meet the challenges of projected population increases, climate change and economic growth with limited land and natural resources.

This POSTnote examines how policy structures, including planning reforms, might deliver land use systems that meet the challenges of projected population increases, climate change and economic growth with limited land and natural resources.

This POSTnote describes the informal sector's links to formal STEM education and its contribution to the national STEM learning agenda. It complements a forthcoming note on STEM education for 14-19 year olds.

This POSTnote describes the informal sector's links to formal STEM education and its contribution to the national STEM learning agenda. It complements a forthcoming note on STEM education for 14-19 year olds.

This POSTnote summaries the benefits of, and issues surrounding, an evidence-based approach to conservation management.

This POSTnote summaries the benefits of, and issues surrounding, an evidence-based approach to conservation management.

This POSTnote provides an overview of the carbon footprints of a variety of electricity generation technologies, including evidence from more than 30 peer-reviewed studies.

This POSTnote provides an overview of the carbon footprints of a variety of electricity generation technologies, including evidence from more than 30 peer-reviewed studies.

This POSTnote summaries methodologies for determining reliable values for changes in natural resources and ecosystem services and the policy implications of such valuations.

This POSTnote summaries methodologies for determining reliable values for changes in natural resources and ecosystem services and the policy implications of such valuations.

This POSTnote outlines how the ecostystem approach makes explicit the link between the status of natural resource systems and ecosystem services that support human well-being.

This POSTnote outlines how the ecostystem approach makes explicit the link between the status of natural resource systems and ecosystem services that support human well-being.

This POSTnote outlines the need for "environmental accounting" by governments, to maintain the capacity of ecosystems to sustain human well-being at acceptable levels.

This POSTnote outlines the need for "environmental accounting" by governments, to maintain the capacity of ecosystems to sustain human well-being at acceptable levels.

This POSTnote outlines the scientific basis for deception detection technology and considers the implications of its use in different contexts.

This POSTnote outlines the scientific basis for deception detection technology and considers the implications of its use in different contexts.

This POSTnote examines the potential for unconventional gas exploitation in the UK, the regulatory regimes covering such activity, and the issues surrounding the extraction and use of the gas.

This POSTnote examines the potential for unconventional gas exploitation in the UK, the regulatory regimes covering such activity, and the issues surrounding the extraction and use of the gas.

This POSTnote discusses adapting water resource management to climate change in Africa.

This POSTnote discusses adapting water resource management to climate change in Africa.

This POSTnote examines the possibilities and challenges for electricity network development.

This POSTnote examines the possibilities and challenges for electricity network development.

This POSTnote summarises a longer POST report on environ-mental limits, which sets out the challenges to achieving this aim, whilst considering the complex trade-offs between social, economic and environ-mental objectives. O

This POSTnote summarises a longer POST report on environ-mental limits, which sets out the challenges to achieving this aim, whilst considering the complex trade-offs between social, economic and environ-mental objectives. O

This POSTnote looks at the impact of poor housing on health and examines the implications for housing policy.

This POSTnote looks at the impact of poor housing on health and examines the implications for housing policy.

This POSTnote summarises biodiversity offsetting and examines opportunities and risks of offsets within a UK context.

This POSTnote summarises biodiversity offsetting and examines opportunities and risks of offsets within a UK context.

This POSTnote describes developments in biofortification, examines its potential impact, and the implications for policy makers in the UK and abroad.

This POSTnote describes developments in biofortification, examines its potential impact, and the implications for policy makers in the UK and abroad.

This POSTnote describes sources of indoor air pollution, the evidence for adverse effects on human health and outlines possible policy responses.

This POSTnote describes sources of indoor air pollution, the evidence for adverse effects on human health and outlines possible policy responses.

This POSTnote focuses on the extent to which EVs could reduce carbon emissions and examines issues that would surround widespread uptake.

This POSTnote focuses on the extent to which EVs could reduce carbon emissions and examines issues that would surround widespread uptake.

This POSTnote outlines efforts to improve the resilience of infrastructure to the risks of natural hazards and any effects of future climate change.

This POSTnote outlines efforts to improve the resilience of infrastructure to the risks of natural hazards and any effects of future climate change.

This POSTnote outlines current drug pricing policy and examines other options to evaluate pricing, including "value-based" pricing.

This POSTnote outlines current drug pricing policy and examines other options to evaluate pricing, including "value-based" pricing.

This POSTnote summerizes the causes of sea level rise, and the uncertainties in and the consequences for UK climate change adaptation.

This POSTnote summerizes the causes of sea level rise, and the uncertainties in and the consequences for UK climate change adaptation.

This POSTnote examines changes in the near-Earth space environment, caused by varying conditions within the Sun's atmosphere, which can affect space- and ground-based technological systems and cause harm to human health.

This POSTnote examines changes in the near-Earth space environment, caused by varying conditions within the Sun's atmosphere, which can affect space- and ground-based technological systems and cause harm to human health.

This POSTnote examines the current state of research into the production of biochar, the feasibility of using it to combat climate change, and any unintended consequences that may result.

This POSTnote examines the current state of research into the production of biochar, the feasibility of using it to combat climate change, and any unintended consequences that may result.

This POST note explains The EU Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) and current developments.

This POST note explains The EU Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) and current developments.

This POST note discusses how insects are essential to global ecology and show remarkably varied adaptations to their environment. Their genetic modification has been proposed as a new way of controlling insect pests.

This POST note discusses how insects are essential to global ecology and show remarkably varied adaptations to their environment. Their genetic modification has been proposed as a new way of controlling insect pests.

This POSTnote reviews research on the addictive dimensions of gambling, eating, sex, internet use and shopping. It provides an overview of factors contributing to addictive behaviours and the personal and social consequences. It also examines the implications for treatment provision, public health and prevention strategies and industry regulation.

This POSTnote reviews research on the addictive dimensions of gambling, eating, sex, internet use and shopping. It provides an overview of factors contributing to addictive behaviours and the personal and social consequences. It also examines the implications for treatment provision, public health and prevention strategies and industry regulation.

This POSTnote describes challenges to ecosystem-based fisheries management and how these might be tackled. A recent European Commission green paper on the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy reconfirms the need to adopt an ecosystem approach.

This POSTnote describes challenges to ecosystem-based fisheries management and how these might be tackled. A recent European Commission green paper on the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy reconfirms the need to adopt an ecosystem approach.

This POSTnote examins the available resources and technologies for supplying renewable heating and cooling in the UK and the policy options that could support their take up.

This POSTnote examins the available resources and technologies for supplying renewable heating and cooling in the UK and the policy options that could support their take up.

This POSTnote looks at measures to protect satellites from debris and international agreements and guidelines to reduce the amount of debris generated.

This POSTnote looks at measures to protect satellites from debris and international agreements and guidelines to reduce the amount of debris generated.

This POSTnote looks at the EU Emission Trading System's mechanisms, comparing it with operational and proposed emissions trading systems elsewhere. Prospects of linking these to form an international system, and the alternatives, are also discussed.

This POSTnote looks at the EU Emission Trading System's mechanisms, comparing it with operational and proposed emissions trading systems elsewhere. Prospects of linking these to form an international system, and the alternatives, are also discussed.

This POSTnote provides an overview of UK attitudes and behaviour relating to climate change. It outlines current engagement approaches and lessons for future policy.

This POSTnote provides an overview of UK attitudes and behaviour relating to climate change. It outlines current engagement approaches and lessons for future policy.

This POSTnote examines the debate on future supplies of a group of elements known as the Rare Earth Metals which have become a highly sought-after resource for high-technology and low carbon industries and discusses the UK and international response.

This POSTnote examines the debate on future supplies of a group of elements known as the Rare Earth Metals which have become a highly sought-after resource for high-technology and low carbon industries and discusses the UK and international response.

This POSTnote considers the extent of the global counterfeit medicine trade, its impact in the UK and the technologies and policy options available to combat it. It also examines the risks and benefits of online pharmacy, one of the main ways in which counterfeits are distributed.

This POSTnote considers the extent of the global counterfeit medicine trade, its impact in the UK and the technologies and policy options available to combat it. It also examines the risks and benefits of online pharmacy, one of the main ways in which counterfeits are distributed.

This POSTnote gives an overview of energy efficient electric lighting currently available and under development. It examines policy initiatives to drive uptake, as well as relevant health, environmental, public perception and economic issues.

This POSTnote gives an overview of energy efficient electric lighting currently available and under development. It examines policy initiatives to drive uptake, as well as relevant health, environmental, public perception and economic issues.