Estimates show China accounted for more than a quarter (26%) of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2023. The United States accounted for around 11% of the 2023 global total, the European Union around 6%, and the UK less than 1%. Nearly half of annual global GHG emissions were from countries which individually accounted for 3% or less of the global total. UK GHG emissions per capita were slightly lower than the global average in 2023. Over the period 1850-2023, the UK accounted for around 4% of cumulative global CO2 emissions. Figures include emissions from the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector and are rounded to the nearest 100MtCO2_e.

Sources and caveats: 2023 GHG emission data reported by Climate Watch, DESNZ GHG inventory for the UK. Historic CO2 emissions data sourced from the PRIMAP-hist v2.7 CO₂ emissions dataset. Population estimates are based on data from the UN World Population Prospects. Emissions estimates may differ from country’s official inventories reported to the UNFCCC.

The classification of an energy supply as domestic or non-domestic is determined in accordance with supplier licence conditions and guidance issued by Ofgem, the independent energy regulator. Suppliers are responsible for ensuring that premises are correctly classified, and whether a particular supply is treated as domestic or non-domestic depends on the specific circumstances of the case.

The Government and Ofgem recognise that indirect domestic energy consumers may not always benefit from the same protections as consumers who contract directly with suppliers.

Ofgem has started work on adopting a more consumer outcomes-based approach to regulating both the domestic and non-domestic energy suppliers, with their first consultation having closed over the summer. Stakeholders will have further opportunities to contribute their views to this work as it progresses, and the Government will continue to work closely with Ofgem to ensure all consumers get appropriate protections in the retail market.

The Jackdaw field decision is currently going through the regulatory process. The Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero will make a decision in due course on whether or not to agree to the grant of consent by the North Sea Transition Authority. There is no fixed timeline for an announcement, and it is imperative that all material is properly considered so that a robust decision can be taken. Given the quasi-judicial nature of the regulatory process, it would be inappropriate for me to comment further on the project.

The Government recognises the difficulties bereaved families can face and continues to work with Ofgem and suppliers to ensure all consumers are treated fairly.

Standing charges form part of energy suppliers’ tariff structures and are regulated by Ofgem, as the independent regulator. The Supplier Licence Conditions do not set out a specific exemption from standing charges for unoccupied properties while probate or related legal processes are completed, and any changes to the Conditions are a matter for Ofgem.

During probate, a representative or next of kin can contact the energy supplier to request that the account be frozen, so that energy bills can be settled as part of the estate.

The Jackdaw field decision is currently going through the regulatory process. The Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero will make a decision in due course on whether or not to agree to the grant of consent by the North Sea Transition Authority. There is no fixed timeline for an announcement, and it is imperative that all material is properly considered so that a robust decision can be taken. Given the quasi-judicial nature of the regulatory process, it would be inappropriate for me to comment further on the project.

The Mining Remediation Authority exists primarily to manage the legacy of Great Britain's coal mining past, and its statutory responsibilities remain focused on former coal mining activities, and as such the MRA does not hold data on metal mines.

The MRA’ provides technical advice, when requested, on hazards associated with historic metal mining, as part of its role as a 24/7 emergency response organisation and a Category 2 responder under the Civil Contingencies Act 2004.

Between 1 April 2020 and 31 March 2026, the Mining Remediation Authority responded to 4,802 incidents and claims across Great Britain. Of these, 1,785 cases were determined to be attributable to former coal mining activities.

Local authorities can support solar panel installations through several government schemes.

The Warm Homes: Local Grant is delivered through local authorities to low-income households in their areas, while local authorities that are social landlords can access the Warm Homes: Social Housing Fund for eligible social homes. An additional £100 million for that Fund will support delivery of up to 57,000 solar installations across Wave 3. A total of £4.4 billion has been made available for grant schemes for low-income households up to 2030.

Great British Energy (GBE) supports public sector decarbonisation, and the GBE Solar programme is investing £255 million to fund around 250 schools, around 260 NHS sites, and around 15 military sites to install solar panels across the country.

Great British Energy has launched the biggest public investment into community energy in UK history, £30m of backing as a first downpayment on up to £1bn, to help local places cut bills, grow wealth and act on climate.

Mayoral Strategic Authorities can also support renewable energy projects through Great British Energy’s £10 million Mayoral Renewables Fund, while eligible authorities receive devolved funding for home retrofit and public sector buildings through Integrated Settlements. Over 150 renewable projects have now switched-on for public buildings in England’s Mayoral Combined Authorities, with more to follow – which together could see up to £50 million in total energy bill savings reinvested in local services

Great British Energy – Nuclear (GBE-N) is continuing to drive forward the UK’s flagship small modular reactor (SMR) programme.

GBE-N and Rolls-Royce SMR (RR SMR) entered into a Technology Partner contract earlier this year and are now jointly undertaking design work to progress the Gwyndod SMR project on Anglesey in North Wales.

GBE-N is also focused on reindustrialisation opportunities and delivering on its ambition that 70% of supply chain products are British built across the SMR fleet. To date, it has awarded nearly £900m in supply chain contracts, with over 70% going to UK-registered companies.

GBE-N is working closely with RR SMR on its supply chain plan; it was recently announced that Siemens Energy will support UK jobs by manufacturing RR SMR steam turbine components in Newcastle.

The government recognises the important contribution the report makes to the scientific evidence base on the risks associated with exceeding 1.5°C of global warming and the actions needed to minimise those risks.

The Government agrees that every fraction of a degree of warming matters and that the magnitude and duration of any overshoot of 1.5°C should be limited.

That is why the Government remains fully committed to reducing emissions to net zero by 2050 and delivering on our commitments under the Paris Agreement.

The Government is taking steps to support the inclusion of air-to-air heat pumps in the Boiler Upgrade Scheme. The necessary legislative changes have already been made and the scheme is ready to provide £2,500 grants for eligible installations.

It is also necessary to ensure that there are standards in place and installers are accredited to install air-to-air heat pumps. The Department for Energy Security and Net Zero is working closely with the United Kingdom Accreditation Service, the Microgeneration Certification Scheme and Certification Bodies to deliver these.

The Government’s £15 billion Warm Homes Plan represents the biggest public investment in home upgrades in British history and includes support for solar panels, as well as batteries, insulation, and other low-carbon technologies.

Solar panels have the potential to reduce household energy bills and carbon emissions, supporting the Government’s objectives to tackle fuel poverty, deliver clean power, and improve energy security.

The Warm Homes: Social Housing Fund provides grant funding to local authorities and social housing landlords to upgrade social homes across England up to EPC Band C. This will support the installation of energy efficiency measures in social homes, including solar panels and batteries.

Throughout the delivery process, successful Grant Recipients must demonstrate that their proposed measures are appropriate for the homes being treated and represent good value for money.

Government is committed to greater climate resilience and mitigation, and is investing £97m for the biggest upgrade of national resilience capabilities in nearly twenty years, including specialist equipment, dedicated off-road vehicles, enhanced incident management and wildfire training for firefighters.

This summer has been the hottest on record, and preparing for more extreme weather is part of building a more resilient country. That is why we have extended the Boiler Upgrade Scheme grant to air-to-air heat pumps, which can cool as well as heat a home, we have made plug-in solar available across Great Britain, and we are investing significantly to upgrade the school estate.

Alongside this, our Energising Britain plan provides households with clear, accessible and impartial information about the everyday actions people can take to cut bills, reduce emissions, and protect the environment.

The Prime Minister also announced measures to support farmers in August, including up to £15m funding to build on-farm reservoirs, and temporary adjustments to Environmental Land Management Agreements.

The government does not agree compensation for individual landowners or businesses affected by the proposed Norwich to Tilbury project. This is a matter for the transmission owner, National Grid, and the landowners or businesses concerned. Where acquisition of land rights are required, whether by voluntary agreement or through compulsory purchase powers granted in a Development Consent Order, the requirements for compensation of affected parties are set out in relevant legislation.

Nottinghamshire is benefiting from significant clean energy investment.

The STEP programme will deliver a prototype fusion power plant at West Burton, supporting reindustrialisation around the site – a former coal power station – and supporting thousands of jobs.

HyMarnham Power, which was successful in the first hydrogen allocation round (HAR1), is transforming the former High Marnham coal-fired power station into a clean energy hub, introducing 9.3 MW of low-carbon hydrogen production capacity.

The Government has supported solar energy farms in Nottinghamshire through the Contracts for Difference scheme.

The Government is committed to ensuring that the clean energy transition benefits every community.

Events in the Middle East have highlighted the importance of improving the energy efficiency of homes and reducing households' exposure to fossil fuel markets. That is why the Government's £15 billion Warm Homes Plan sets out the strategy for upgrading up to five million homes by 2030. It will support measures including insulation, heat pumps, solar panels and batteries. Support includes direct grants for low-income and fuel-poor households, low-interest finance and higher minimum energy efficiency standards for rented homes.

Although passive measures are being prioritised, the Government recognises that, in some cases, active cooling will be needed to protect those most vulnerable to overheating. The Boiler Upgrade Scheme therefore provides £2,500 grants towards eligible air-to-air heat pumps, sometimes referred to as air conditioning units, which can provide active cooling.

Regulations will play a key role in ensuring consumers on a heat network receive the protections they need.

As the appointed regulator for heat networks, Ofgem is responsible for the oversight and enforcement of the new regulatory framework.

It has issued guidance to support those who own and operate heat networks, including on how to register with Ofgem and consumer protection rules and requirements set out in the authorisation conditions. The full list of guidance can be found on the Ofgem Heat Networks webpage.

The government is taking a pragmatic approach to the North Sea, in line with our climate and legal obligations. The North Sea remains a vital national asset and oil and gas will continue to play an important role in our energy system for decades to come, alongside transitioning to clean power to protect jobs and tackle the climate crisis.

The Rosebank decision is currently going through the regulatory process. The Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero will make a decision in due course on whether or not to agree to the grant of consent. Final consenting decisions are the responsibility of the North Sea Transition Authority. Given the quasi-judicial nature of the regulatory process, it would be inappropriate for me to comment on specific aspects relating to the project.

The Rosebank decision is currently going through the regulatory process. The Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero will make a decision in due course on whether or not to agree to the grant of consent. Final consenting decisions are the responsibility of the North Sea Transition Authority. Given the quasi-judicial nature of the regulatory process, it would be inappropriate for me to comment on specific aspects relating to the project.