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To ask the Secretary of State for Transport, what progress his Department has made on the joint Public Service Agreement target to improve rural air quality by meeting the National Air Quality Strategy objectives for carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, particles, sulphur dioxide, benzene and 1-3 butadiene. - Inc ref to...

Asked by

Viscount Thurso (Liberal Democrat)

Answering body

Department for Transport

Type

Written questions

Status

Answered

Date

1 December 2004

Reference

201207; 428 c119W

House

House of Commons

Dept for Environment Food and Rural Affairs

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what the total amount of recognised carcinogens released to the air was (a) in England and (b) broken down by Government region in each year since 1997. - Inc tables.

Asked by

Norman Baker (Liberal Democrat)

Answering body

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Type

Written questions

Status

Answered

Tabled on

12 November 2003

For answer on

10 December 2003

Answered on

10 December 2003

Norman Baker: To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs what the total amount of recognised carcinogens released to the air was (a) in England and (b) broken down by Government region in each year since 1997. [139191] Mr. Bradshaw: The National Atmospheric Emission Inventory (available on-line http://www.naei.org.uk/) compiles annual air pollutant emissions for the United Kingdom. The most recent year for which emissions have been calculated is 2001. Emissions of four known or probable human carcinogens are calculated: benzene, 1,3-butadiene, benzo[a]pyrene and dioxins. Table 1 shows the national annual emissions since 1997 taken from the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory. Emissions are generally calculated using statistics that are available on a national scale (e.g. fuel use). Inventory experts are gathering the regional information in order to undertake the complex process of calculating regional totals. So far, emissions for England have been calculated for 2001, but emissions for each Government region are not yet available. Table 1: UK emissions 1997 to 2001 _________________________________________________________________________________________________. Units 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Benzene kt 35.8 31.7 28.7 15.7 15.4 1,3-Butadiene kt 7.3 6.4 5.9 5.1 4.5 BaP t 11.2 9.7 8.6 6.7 7.2 Dioxins gTEQ 471 411 395 346 341 _________________________________________________________________________________________________. Table 2: England emissions for 2001 _________________________________________________________________________________________________. Units 2001 Benzene kt 11.8 1,3-Butadiene kt 3.7 BaP t 6.1 Dioxins gTEQ 272 _________________________________________________________________________________________________. Notes: 1. BaP = benzo[a]pyrene (a carcinogen in its own right and a marker for carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air; 2. The term dioxin refers to a range of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran compounds. The emissions of dioxins are presented in terms of the sum of the weighted emissions expressed as gTEQs. TEQs weight the toxicity of the less toxic congeners as fractions of the toxicity of 2,3,7,8- TCDD, the most toxic congener.

Date

10 December 2003

Reference

139191; 415 c521-2W

House

House of Commons

Dept for Environment Food and Rural Affairs

To ask the Secretary of State for Transport, what the volatile organic compounds level is (a) in the South East region of England and (b) in the vicinity of the main airports in the South East region of England. - Inc tables.

Asked by

Alan Keen (Labour)

Answering body

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Type

Written questions

Status

Answered

Tabled on

1 April 2003

For answer on

9 April 2003

Answered on

9 April 2003

Alan Keen: To ask the Secretary of State for Transport what the volatile organic compounds level is (a) in the south east region of England and (b) in the vicinity of the main airports in the south east region of England. [107010] Alun Michael: I have been asked to reply. Volatile organic compounds are monitored at nine sites in the south east region of England. The annual mean data for benzene and 1,3-butadiene are given in tables 1 and 2. Further information for a wider range of other volatile organic compounds is available on the National Air Information Quality Archive (www.airquality.co.uk) for two of these sites. Defra does not undertake any volatile organic compounds measurements at the main airports in the south east region of England. BAA has undertaken measurements of benzene and 1,3-butadiene at Gatwick and Heathrow. These indicated that concentrations of both pollutants are below the levels set in the Air Quality Strategy. Table 1: Means of measured Benzene concentrations, in micrograms per metre cubed, (g/m3) at UK hydrocarbon sites _________________________________________________________________________________________________. Annual mean Monitoring Site 1999 2000 2001 2002 Harwell1 0.88 0.53 0.62 0.60 Marylebone Road 2 10.75 6.29 4.55 3.91 Oxford Centre 3 n/a n/a n/a 41.40 Reading 5 n/a n/a n/a 61.43 Southampton Centre 5 n/a n/a n/a 1.63 Portsmouth 5 n/a n/a n/a 61.17 Hove roadside 3 n/a n/a n/a 41.66 London Bloomsbury 5 n/a n/a n/a 61.56 Haringey roadside 3 n/a n/a n/a 42.63 _________________________________________________________________________________________________. Notes: 1 Rural 2 Kerbside 3 Roadside 4 Site began in February 2002 5 Urban background 6 Site began in May 2002 Table 2: Means of measured 1,3-Butadiene concentrations in micrograms per metre cubed, (g/m3) at UK automatic hydrocarbon sites _________________________________________________________________________________________________. Annual Mean Monitoring Site 1999 2000 2001 2002 Harwell1 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.04 Marylebone Road2 1.87 1.63 1.12 0.95 _________________________________________________________________________________________________. Notes: 1 Rural 2 Kerbside

Date

9 April 2003

Reference

403 c261W; 107010

House

House of Commons

Dept for Environment Food and Rural Affairs

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what estimate she has made of the external costs of automotive emissions of one tonne to the atmosphere of (a) particulates, (b) fine particulates, (c) sulphur dioxide, (d) carbon dioxide, (e) benzene, (f) 1, 3 butadiene, (g) carbon...

Asked by

Bob Spink (Conservative)

Answering body

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Type

Written questions

Status

Answered

Tabled on

6 February 2003

For answer on

24 February 2003

Answered on

24 February 2003

Bob Spink: To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs what estimate she has made of the external costs of automotive emissions of one tonne to the atmosphere of (a) particulates, (b) fine particulates, (c) sulphur dioxide, (d) carbon dioxide, (e) benzene, (f) 1, 3 butadiene, (g) carbon monoxide and (h) oxides of nitrogen. [97250] Mr. Meacher: Considerable research is in hand to improve the scientific and economic understanding of the health and environmental damages of air pollution. This work will provide important evidence on which policies will be further developed. The Air Quality Strategy sets standards and objectives for particulates (PM10), sulphur dioxide, benzene, 1,3 butadiene, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide to be reached between 2003 and 2010. The Government have not published formal estimates of the air quality external costs per tonne of automotive emissions. The external costs of a tonne of emission from a vehicle will vary according to the pollutant in question, the type of vehicle and fuel used, where the vehicle is emitting as well as many other factors. A Government Economic Service working paper has suggested a range from £35/tC to £140/tC (with a best estimate of £70t/C) as illustrative of the global damage cost of carbon emissions. It also suggested that these figures should be raised in real terms by £1t/C per annum as the costs of climate change are likely to increase over time. These values are currently under review following recent advances in the academic literature, and general developments in the UK Government economic appraisal guidance (such as the new Treasury Green Book).

Date

24 February 2003

Reference

97250; 400 c80-1W;400 c80W

House

House of Commons

Dept for Environment Food and Rural Affairs

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what recent estimate she has made of the impact on global warming of automotive emissions of one tonne to the atmosphere of (a) particulates, (b) fine particulates, (c) sulphur dioxide, (d) carbon dioxide, (e) benzene, (f) butadiene, (g)...

Asked by

Bob Spink (Conservative)

Answering body

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Type

Written questions

Status

Answered

Tabled on

5 February 2003

For answer on

24 February 2003

Answered on

24 February 2003

Bob Spink: To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs what recent estimate she has made of the impact on global warming of automotive emissions of one tonne to the atmosphere of (a) particulates, (b) fine particulates, (c) sulphur dioxide, (d) carbon dioxide, (e) benzene, (f) butadiene, (g) carbon monoxide and (h) oxides of nitrogen. [96834] Mr. Meacher: The substances listed above all have some impact on global warming, but the effect is indirect in some cases. It is not possible to calculate the specific impact on global warming of one tonne of each of the above substances, as this amount is relatively small in comparison to emission values used for climate calculations. (a) and (b) Large amounts of particles, known as aerosol, can either have a cooling effect on the climate by reflecting incoming solar radiation back out to space, or a warming effect, by absorbing radiation. Aerosols have a relatively short residence time in the atmosphere so their influence tends to be short-lived and regional in nature. (c) Sulphur dioxide is an indirect greenhouse gas, as it takes part in atmospheric reactions that form products that effect the climate. These reactions include some that lead to the formation of sulphate aerosol, which tends to have a cooling effect on climate, and some leading to the formation of tropospheric ozone, which is a potent greenhouse gas. (d) Carbon dioxide is the only direct greenhouse gas listed. It is the benchmark for determining the global warming potential (GWP) of other direct and indirect greenhouse gases and has a GWP of 1. Concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are increasing at a rate unprecedented in at least the last 20,000 years. (e) and (f) Benzene and butadiene are both Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). They take part in atmospheric reactions related to the formation of tropospheric ozone, and act to increase levels of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. (g) and (h) Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) are indirect greenhouse gases. They take part in reactions that enhance the formation of tropospheric ozone and influence the lifetime of methane--the second most potent direct greenhouse gas--and other greenhouse gases.

Date

24 February 2003

Reference

96834; 400 c80W;400 c79-80W

House

House of Commons

Dept for Environment Food and Rural Affairs

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what estimates she has made of the total automotive emissions in the UK to the atmosphere in the latest available year for (a) particulates, (b) fine particulates, (c) sulphur dioxide, (d) carbon dioxide, (e) benzene, (f) 1,3 butadiene,...

Asked by

Bob Spink (Conservative)

Answering body

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Type

Written questions

Status

Answered

Tabled on

5 February 2003

For answer on

10 February 2003

Answered on

10 February 2003

Bob Spink: To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs what estimates she has made of the total automotive emissions in the UK to the atmosphere in the latest available year for (a) particulates, (b) fine particulates, (c) sulphur dioxide, (d) carbon dioxide, (e) benzene, (f) 1,3-butadiene, (g) carbon monoxide and (h) oxides of nitrogen. [96832] Alun Michael: The most recent year for which published data are available is 2000. In that year the estimates for emissions in kilotonnes from all vehicle types were as follows: _________________________________________________________________________________________________. Kilotonnes PM10 31.4 PM2.5 25.9 Sulphur dioxide 5.92 Carbon dioxide (as carbon) 31,525 Benzene 7.71 1,3-Butadiene 4.59 Carbon monoxide 2,881 Oxides of nitrogen 629 _________________________________________________________________________________________________. The figures for particulate matter (PM) cover exhaust and tyre and brake wear emissions and are provided for the two size fractions for which data are available-- PM10 (particulates, less than 10 microns diameter) and PM2.5 (fine particulates, less than 2.5 microns diameter). These data are taken from the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, published annually by DEFRA, and available on the internet at http://www.naei.org.uk

Date

10 February 2003

Reference

96832; 399 c498W;399 c496W

House

House of Commons

Dept for Environment Food and Rural Affairs

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, when (a) 1, 3-butadienes, (b) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, (c) cadmium, (d) arsenic, (e) nickel and (f) mercury will be added to the pollutants monitored under the National Air Quality Strategy for the United Kingdom. - Includes figures. (Holding...

Asked by

Lord Bruce of Bennachie (Liberal Democrat)

Answering body

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Type

Written questions

Status

Answered

Tabled on

24 June 2002

For answer on

1 July 2002

Answered on

1 July 2002

Malcolm Bruce: To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs when (a) 1,3-butadienes, (b) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, (c) cadmium, (d) arsenic, (e) nickel and (f) mercury will be added to the pollutants monitored under the National Air Quality Strategy for the United Kingdom. [64663] Mr. Meacher: [holding answer 27 June 2002]: Of these pollutants: (a) 1,3 butadiene is already one of the eight pollutants covered by the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, published in January 2000 ("the Strategy"); (b) we consulted in September 2001 on the possibility of adding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to the list of pollutants covered by the Strategy, and hope to make an announcement on this shortly. Levels of PAH in the UK are currently measured at 21 sites, and we hope to add a further 4 sites to the network as soon as possible; (c) we have no immediate plans to add cadmium, arsenic, nickel and mercury to the list of pollutants covered by the Strategy. Our monitoring shows that levels of these pollutants in ambient air in the UK are not generally a cause for concern, and the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) estimates that emissions of each have fallen significantly in recent years. Between 1990 and 1999, for example, estimated emissions of cadmium, arsenic, nickel and mercury fell by 71 per cent. 69 per cent., 47 per cent., and 65 per cent. respectively. We understand that the planned Fourth European Union Air Quality Daughter Directive may include proposals in respect of PAH, cadmium, arsenic, nickel and mercury. We intend to keep under review the need for separate national measures on these pollutants in the light of progress with negotiations on the Directive.

Date

1 July 2002

Reference

388 c55W;388 c53-5W; 64663

House

House of Commons

Dept of Health

To ask the Secretary of State for Health, what information he has collated on the threat to human health from emissions of (a) benzene and (b) 1,3 butadiene, (c) particulates (i) PM10 and (ii) PM2.5, (d) carbon monoxide, (e) sulphur dioxide and (f) oxides of nitrogen from road transport; and...

Asked by

Geoffrey Clifton-Brown (Conservative)

Answering body

Department of Health

Type

Written questions

Status

Answered

Tabled on

20 March 2002

For answer on

10 April 2002

Answered on

10 April 2002

Mr. Clifton-Brown: To ask the Secretary of State for Health what information he has collated on the threat to human health from emissions of (a) benzene and (b) 1,3 butadiene, (c) particulates (i) PM10 and (ii) PM2.5, (d) carbon monoxide, (e) sulphur dioxide and (f) oxides of nitrogen from road transport; and if he will make a statement. [45947] Yvette Cooper: The Department of Health's Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) and its predecessor the Advisory Group on the Medical Aspects of Air Pollution has collated information and written subsequent reports on: Oxides of Nitrogen Sulphur Dioxide, Acid Aerosols and Particulates Health Effects of Exposures to Mixtures of Air Pollutants Non-Biological Particles and Health Asthma and Outdoor Air Pollution Quantification of the Effects of Air Pollution on Health in the United Kingdom (this report covers particles, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone and carbon monoxide) Long-term Effects of Particles on Mortality. COMEAP has also written Handbook on Air Pollution and Health. Details of these publications are available from the Department's website at http://www.doh.gov.uk/hef/airpol/ airpolh.htm. The Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs' (DEFRA) Committee, the Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards (EPAQS), which has a joint DH/DEFRA Secretariat, has also written reports on: Benzene 1, 3-Butadiene Particulates (2 reports, the latest including PM2.5 as well as PM10) Carbon Monoxide Sulphur Dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide. These reports cover the effects of health of each of the substances and further details about each report can be found on DEFRA's website at http://www.defra.gov.uk/ environment/airquality/index.htm. These reports provide support for the objectives in The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. These objectives aim to reduce levels of these pollutants from all sources, including road transport.

Date

10 April 2002

Reference

45947; 383 c418W;383 c418-9W

House

House of Commons

Regulatory impact assessment for the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000. DETR. 2000.

Type

Impact assessments

Date

16 March 2000

Reference

DETR

The air quality strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Working together for clean air.

Type

Command papers

Notes

Received 19.01.00

Date

19 January 2000

Reference

Cm 4548;SE 2000/3;NIA 7/99

House

House of Commons

Whitty, Lord

Statement on whether they will announce the outcome of the Review of the UK National Air Quality Strategy. [HL 484]. - Includes ref to consultation document in Library.

Type

Written questions

Status

Answered

Date

14 January 1999

Reference

HL 484; 596 c80-1WA

House

House of Lords

Dept of the Environment Transport and the Regions

Statement on the outcome of the Review of the UK National Air Quality Strategy. - Inc ref to consultation document in Library as DEP 99/141.

Asked by

Anne Campbell (Labour)

Answering body

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions

Type

Written questions

Status

Answered

Tabled on

11 January 1999

For answer on

13 January 1999

Answered on

13 January 1999

Mrs. Anne Campbell: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions when he will announce the outcome of the Review of the UK National Air Quality Strategy. [65561] Mr. Prescott: I am pleased to announce today our proposals to amend the UK National Air Quality Strategy. Cleaning up the air that we breathe and delivering on the right to clean air is one of the top priorities of this Government. There is still some way to go to protect our health and the environment from the effects of air pollution. The proposals that I am announcing today deliver on our pre-election commitment to the right to clean air. But improving air quality is not just for Government, or industry, we all have a responsibility to do our bit to improve the quality of our air. The National Air Quality Strategy was first published in March 1997 fulfilling the requirement under the Environment Act 1995 for a national air quality strategy setting out policies for the management of ambient air quality. The Government endorsed this Strategy in July 1997, but announced that it would be reviewed at the earliest opportunity in order to look at the prospects for delivering cleaner air more quickly. The Government accordingly brought forward to the end of 1998 the previously announced review, and as a result we have been able to make rapid progress on delivering our commitment to the right to clean air. The Strategy sets health-based objectives for 2005 for the eight air pollutants which have the greatest impact on health. Our aim in the review was to look at the prospects for meeting the objectives sooner or introducing tougher objectives where feasible and justified. This has been a thorough and wide-ranging review, during which we considered the legal framework, the scientific, economic and technical basis for decision-making on air quality policy, and the case for changes to the scope and content of the Strategy. My Department has worked closely with the Scottish Office, Welsh Office and Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland and we have consulted widely with stakeholders in producing our proposals. We have now completed the review and propose to tighten the objectives for five pollutants; for benzene, 1,3-butadiene and carbon monoxide we propose to bring forward the date for achieving the objectives; for lead we propose to bring forward the date for achieving the existing objective and to introduce a new tougher objective based on the most recent health advice; for nitrogen dioxide we propose to introduce a tougher hourly objective, while retaining the current annual objective. Action is in progress at EU level on ozone and we have concluded that it makes sense to await the outcome of that before deciding how to move forward on this pollutant. On particles (PM{10}) the work of the Airborne Particles Expert Group has shown that exceedences of our national objective are strongly influenced by sources from mainland Europe. This is not a problem that the UK can solve alone. We intend to discuss with our European partners how best this issue can be taken forward at the European level. In addition, it is not yet clear whether PM{10} or a smaller fraction of particles poses the greater threat to health. We have concluded that in the short term to incorporate the proposed EU vales for PM{10} will provide adequate protection as an interim step towards achieving the existing objective. We will look at this objective again, as well as those for nitrogen dioxide, when we undertake a further review of the Strategy in two years time. On sulphur dioxide, we propose to retain the existing objective, supplemented by the proposed EU limit values. We are also proposing to extend the Strategy to include objectives for the protection of vegetation and ecosystems. The changes we propose will also ensure that we deliver the limit values contained in the proposed first Air Quality Daughter Directive. We will now consult widely on our proposals. We will produce a revised Strategy later this year, which will itself be subject to consultation before being finalised by the end of the year. This is the first in a rolling programme of reviews of the Strategy, to keep it up to date with technological and scientific advances, improved modelling techniques, an increasingly better understanding of the economic and social issues involved and to reflect developments in European legislation. We intend that the next review of the Strategy should start once this one is complete and further information is available on costs and benefits, the health effects of air pollution and the impact that policy measures will have on improving air quality. We all have a responsibility to do our bit to improve the quality of the air that we breathe and the environment that we live in. The proposals that we have announced today set in place the framework to take this forward. I have placed copies of our consultation document in the Libraries of the House and the Vote Office.

Date

13 January 1999

Reference

65561; 323 c214-5W

House

House of Commons

Dept of the Environment

What assessment he has made of the cost of incremental damage per tonne emitted of (a) benzene, (b) 1.3 butadiene, (c) carbon monoxide and (d) carbon dioxide. - Includes figures.

Asked by

John Marshall (Conservative)

Answering body

Department of the Environment

Type

Written questions

Status

Answered

Date

25 February 1997

Reference

17122; 291 c151-2W

House

House of Commons

Librarians' tools

Type

House

Session

Year

Department

Member

Primary member

Answering member

Legislative stage

Legislation

Subject

Publisher